@Mary Jay this is a question about ACCURACY in accounting.
Look, I will try to simplify this:
We have 3 parties money; (a) the landlord investor, (b) the lender giving a mortgage for purchase money, and (c) the tenant paying for use.
If your doing REI to it's full potential, you don't pay 100% of the purchase price up front in cash. You pay a down payment, closing etc. Let's call this 30% of the acquisition price.
For simple math let's say it's $100k buy. You, the investor have a capital outlay of $30k. That is your capital investment.
The lender paid $70k, and only asks for $750 per month.
That $70k is NOT your capital investment! Because you didn't invest that capital, the lender did.
Now the tenant, say they pay $1k per month.
Some would say they have a "cash flow" of $250 per month. And there kinda right. BUT, it's NOT net profit. It's not even profit at all, it's capital recapture.
Because you have a capital investment of $30k.
So if all stays static, that means at yr 10 you will have 100% return of your capital AND NOW you have net profit.
Now in reality, rents go UP every year. That means your rate of capital return should, if done correctly, go UP each year. Meaning, TIME, your gaining TIME. The TIME for 100% return of capital outlay shortens.
Now, say in yr 2 you have to do added work and spend another $10k of improvements. That's an ADDITIONAL capitol investment made.
And if in yr 4, you SELL, and reap the reward of $100k in appreciation, now your "realizing a gain" from the appreciation gains.
Appreciation is only a THEORY until a person SELLS, be it gain or loss.
The tenant paying down that mortgage, the capital investment the financing made into the property, is a form of appreciation. It's theory until realized. ie SOLD and $ in hand.
The POWER of Real Estate Investing is:
- Securing an asset via only having to give a capital investment of a fraction of it's price.
- Having other persons pay for that other purchase capitol that you did not spend.
- Getting to keep all the rewards of appreciation over time be it in rents and/or market value.
If you understand the math of it all it should come very clear, the game is NOT best played (1) buying in all cash, (2) buying and sitting on a property for decades on end.
The game is best played following the strategies for the phases one is in; growth, dividend, end of life.
Growth is best served TRANSACTING properties to HARVEST appreciation/equitable gains for redeployment of those gains (better know as PYRAMIDING).
Dividend is marked by a restructuring of holdings, simplifying things, getting out of day-2-day and just being the owner. Often many consolidate into MFH.
End of Life is just that, getting set for that inevitable end. Some sell everything and ride off into the sunset, others prepare a trust and train the next generation to take the helm. It's very personal and varies wildly.
Point is, to just buy and hold for eternity is not good strategy or math. That's a residents approach, not an investors.
Generally a 3-7yr hold is optimal timing. Otherwise the risk exposure to Cap-X grows exponentially. And cap-x, that's a fast way to watch great returns go to 0 fast.