an "emergency" element replacement with a tenanted building costs more than just putting a new one in before anyone is living there.

Of the 17 VMs I had two great leads, several prospects, and a handful of others that just wanted to see what I would offer.I have just under 30 days from now to sell the properties under contract, so my marketing is heating up: multiple posts on all the normal sites and bandits go out tomorrow night (Friday).

Water heaters are part of the real estate unless you are using a tea kettle to heat the water :)

Do holding cost include things such as electricity, water, heat, ect... if so/not how is this calculated?

The exit timing is a million dollar question.A big advantage in real estate investment over stocks investment is that you can make an exchange without realizing the gain.High yield properties such as apartment buildings might be easier to ride through the elements.

When considering a co-op you also need to take into consideration that taxes and usually your heat and other utilities may be included in those costs.

I agree that such lists are a complete waste of time and all they do is promote the wholesale chain gang crap.On the other hand, building a small buyer's list of proven buyers in the manner I suggested is a key element.

So if the rent is 400 Euro thats the net income for any investor only the PM marge should be subtracted and some maintenance reserves.Included in the utilitys of the tenants in Germany:- propertie taxes- insurance for propertie- water- heat (gas, oil)- janitor feesThe investor or his PM make an utilities statement each year for the previous year and the tenants must pay these then.

As a rehabber in this business I buy a lot of really old homes and I always spend time on the electrical and heating since those areas in my opinion can do so much towards saving lives.

Sounds like you're paying for heat.