Very dependent on each home's usage profile (as you mentioned) along with heating/cooling equipment type, utility rates and and solar net metering schemas.

I'm not sure if the OP is talking just about water, heat, electric etc.

I just installed gas heating systems in 2 buildings and we’ve probably had to go into each unit 25 times during the course of the install and the inspections that followed.

My second slow season I decided not to rent it out because the propane bill to heat the home wasn’t worth the hassle, this last slow season was record snow and many homes lost power and heat for several days, it was categorized as a natural disaster.

Similar to Realtor.com the leading real estate company Zillow announced it will disclose climate risk features such as: flood, fire, wind, heat and air quality risks.

If you bought a house for $100k and replaced a 20 year old heating boiler spending $10k, how much would that increase the properties value if you immediately tried to resell it?

The heat exchange showed it failed due to not enough descaling which I believe (I suspect it was descaled twice).  

During the cold months I also pay for the heat as it does both sides of the duplex and can’t be separated.

The bill, introduced by Assemblyman Isaac Bryan (D-Los Angeles), would require local governments to update hazard mitigation plans to address extreme heat by January 1, 2028.CAA’s concerns center around the potential for costly retrofitting mandates, particularly for older buildings not equipped for modern HVAC systems.

Great thing about being cash fluid is you can buy a 2-4 unit that may need a little TLC and do some renovations.