Christian,
Unfortunately I am in WI and usually dont work that far away ;-).
Let me start by saying all areas of the country are different and have different 'norms'. with that said, here are some thoughts...........
1) I avoid the stove/refer next to each-other at almost all costs. I have probably done it once or twice in over 500 kitchens, and they were much smaller than what you have here.
2)Your budget is tight for that size kitchen in that price of house, so the more you can keep major appliances in the same place the better.
3) It looks like the sink is on an angle under the window? We do a TON of them, even when they are not under a window. I have only had one person not like it. Id keep it. I DONT like the 'L shaped' sink that go into a 90 degree corner.... they look dated to my taste.
4) I would lean towards doing a 'all in one range' on the peninsula where the cook-top is now. Either a 'slide in' that is built into the counter, or tear out the uppers there, build a 'halfwall' behind the range about 45" high (as high as the range backsplash) and use a 'freestanding' one (less $$$). that would give some definition to the space also with out need the overhead ancients to do that.
5) Where the double oven was, that could be more base, counter, and upper cabinet to make up for what you are loosing taking out the uppers over the peninsula. That would also make a great spot for an 'appliance garage' just to the left of refer on the new piece of counter top.
6)If you did go with a slide in range (no backspalsh) I would make the wall behind it 42" high, and have that flow into the raised 'snack bar seating' on the end of peninsula. We sometimes do the snack area as a 'flip down' if space is tight when not needed.
7) At your budget, I would check out some of the new HD Laminates by Wilsonart, or the FX180 Laminates by Formica. Many of our customers need to literally touch them in our showroom to see if they are real stone or not. This is what I have in my own kitchen with an undermounted Blanco Silgranit sink and most guest comment on 'my nice stone counters' :)
Good Luck
Dan Dietz CKD