The claim is put before an arbitrator who determines the percentage liable. 

The real key to all of this is determining what your focus area will be. 

There are many questions to ask yourself such as, how active do you want to be in real estate investing [passive vs active], your time tables, how much money you wish to invest, etc --> this will guide you and help you determine the best route to take.As far as real estate management, for doing he actual repairs they essentially "mark up" the costs.

The income and expenses of each company will determine the profit.

Last year, we spent more money on salting applications than we did on the snowplowing services itself.We also struggle to determine how much salting is truly necessary.

@Allen McGlashing there’s a lot of variables that determine the price.

Google the Howey Test if you'd like more info about what determines whether you're offering a security.

I'm looking to purchase a house to flip in the next couple of months and I was wondering how to determine how much value certain amenities add to a property, also I don't quite understand the best way to estimate ARV once they are added.

Use an online mortgage calculator to determine how much that payment will translate to a mortgage amount. 

Trying to determine what are the best banks to establish an account with and are more likely to lend to start up commercial real estate investment companies.