It's ridiculously convoluted, with multiple things affecting each other and sometimes producing unexpected results.

Let them know what you are looking for and in what area . . . then validate their numbers (ARV and reno costs) to see if the deal is real or in their mind.Always budget for the unexpected . . . . you and your father probably know that any project costs more and takes longer than initially projected so make sure you factor carrying costs into the numbers you run. 

This fund acts as a financial cushion to cover unexpected expenses, preventing individuals from going into debt when faced with emergencies.Debt Snowball:Ramsey promotes the "Debt Snowball" method, where you pay off your smallest debts first, regardless of interest rates.

The buyers had to come out of pocket an additional $45k unexpectedly on top of their already large down payment.

We may need to move for work unexpectedly.

And you'll have new cracks in unexpected places, old cracks that will not close, but instead enlarge.

I would personally recommend, at least where I am at, 50k saved up for DP, CC, and any unexpected repairs that are needed.

Columbus is a top five appreciating city in the US with an unexpected mix of cash flow which is backed up by a population and job growth.

Market volatility and unexpected events may trigger emotional responses that could lead to impulsive decisions, potentially undermining long-term financial goals.As a remedy to this, see anything from Warren Buffet on investment approach.

Lastly, god forbid a tenant with a small child tragically suffers a pool accident.