The thicker floating vinyl planks are the most waterproof as most adhesives are “water resistant”.

Unfortunately, R-19 batt insulation is much thicker than R-13 batt insulation, and the 2x4 framing on the second story won't support the thicker batt.

Double hung with screens and insulation in the vinyl frame and thicker glass.

I've developed a much thicker skin over the years. 

You won't need that with a glue down as the air pockets that transmit the noise should be minimized as long as you get a 3mm or thicker product; don't buy 2mm products as they show every imperfection in the subfloor unless that's not a concern.

As the window gets bigger the glass is also thicker, adding to costs and especially weight.

Obviously, the thicker it is the more durable it will be.

If it was me, I would investigate what the cost of a physical barrier, like a thicker cage made of harder metal, would be.

I always choose the thicker floor option and I always go with the best-looking one.

Thicker wear layer than lifeproof too but lifeproof has some lines like boulder canyon?