16 terms you need to know in commercial real estate:1.Internal Rate of Return (IRR): A metric used to estimate the annualized return on an investment based on the timing and magnitude of cash flows.2.Cash-on-Cash Return: The annual income generated by a property expressed as a percentage of the initial cash investment.3.Discount Rate: The rate used to discount future cash flows to their present value in financial models; often represents the required rate of return.4.Capital Expenditures (CapEx): The funds set aside for property improvements, renovations, or major repairs.5.Gross Operating Income (GOI): The total income generated by a property before subtracting operating expenses.6.Operating Expenses: The costs associated with managing and maintaining a property, including utilities, taxes, insurance, and maintenance.7.Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR): A measure of a property’s ability to cover its debt payments, typically calculated as NOI divided by debt service.8.Loan-to-Value (LTV) Ratio: The ratio of the loan amount to the property’s appraised value, used to assess risk in financing.9.Equity Multiple: A measure of the total return on an investment, calculated as the ratio of total cash flows to initial equity investment.10.Residual Land Value: The estimated value of land after deducting development costs and desired profit margins.11.Sensitivity Analysis: A technique used to assess how changes in key variables (e.g., rent, expenses, interest rates) affect financial model outcomes.12.Operating Pro Forma: A projection of a property’s income and expenses over a specified period, typically used for budgeting and financial analysis.13.Cash Flow Waterfall: A structured distribution of cash flows to different stakeholders in a real estate project, often involving equity investors, lenders, and developers.14.Leverage: The use of borrowed funds (e.g., a mortgage) to finance a real estate investment, potentially amplifying returns but also increasing risk.15.Equity Investment: The amount of money invested by equity partners or investors in a real estate project. 16.

If you subtract airbnb fees, management fee, tax, insurance... you see that this property is making 4-5k in monthly net cashflow after all expenses. 

I’ve accounted for things like subtracting land from depreciation, etc,  but could very well still be missing something.

I would assume so, but it's best to check with the lender to see how they interpret official FHA guidelines which read:"Net Self-Sufficiency Rental Income is calculated by using the Appraiser’s estimate of fair market rent from all units, including the unit the Borrower chooses for occupancy, and subtracting the greater of the Appraiser’s estimate for vacancies and maintenance, or 25 percent of the fair market rent."

JADU are value subtract as they typically reduce the value of the RE and often best option at selling is to remove the JADU.12) if the ADU is being added to a SFH, the ADU can make the house rent controlled (if it is over 15 years old).  

Most new investors (and most non-investor real estate agents) add those costs up, subtract them from the gross rents and call that "cash flow."  

There are free tools online everywhere, but basically you want to do the following:Gross Potential IncomeLess Vacancy= Gross IncomeSubtract the following expenses:Real Estate TaxesHazard InsuranceLiability InsuranceMaintenance (yes, even if you plan to DIY)SuppliesProperty Management (yes, even if you plan to DIY)UtilitiesLawncare/Snow removalLegal Costs (evictions, LLC formation/maintenance)Bad Debt (non-paying residents)City Occupancy LicensesPayment processing fees (for debit/credit cards)This will get your Net Operating Income.Then subtract debt service. 1st mortgage2nd mortgage (if applies)Line of Credit (if applies)This leaves you your free cash flow.

For example - an investor may look at a property and think “I have $80k in equity sitting in this home” because they take the appraised value and subtract the current mortgage balance.

Setup cost $1k/month, + lease $3k/month, plus insurance $1,250/month, plus utilities $350/month, plus maintenance $150/month, etc, = $5,750 expected outflow/monthThen take expected income $7,500, subtract expected outflow of $5,750 = $1,750/month expected incomMultiply $1,750 times lease months (36) to get gross expected profit ($63,000) and subtract setup cost to get net expected profit ($63k-$36k) = $27k To get total ROI multiply monthly expected expenses by lease term, add setup cost, then divide  gross expected profit by the result (($5,750*36)+$36k) = $243,000 ROI $63000/$243,000 = ~26% or ~9%/year. 

From there, we subtract out our expected profit, scope of work from the contractor, closing costs on both the buy and sell side of the transaction including realtor commissions, any interest carrying costs, and a "reserve" for unexpected contingencies that might pop up.