Hi Eric,Great question—estimating operating expenses can definitely be tricky, especially for items like maintenance, CapEx, and make-ready costs that vary widely between properties.

And hopefullt you won't need a traffic light, which costs in excess of $100,000, though you will be required to do a traffic study. 

These cost-effective renovations made the home more attractive to buyers and increased its market value.

Can try to reposition to Class B, but neighborhood may impede these efforts.Vacancy Est: Historically 10%, but 15-20% should be used to also cover tenant nonpayment, eviction costs & damages.Tenant Pool: majority will have FICO scores of 560-620 (approaching 22% probability of default), many blemishes, but should have no evictions in last 2 years.

What add cost should they expect?

There was positive population growth, medium home price growth, low unemployment, good rent to home ratios, and low crime, all of which are factors when I start looking into an area to invest in.  

So the only money out of pocket is any closing costs that don't get worked into a new loan.

AI is not some magical, all-knowing miracle that can pull leads out of thin air.AI is simply a faster, more hands-off way to find the same low-quality leads you get from DMM, cold calling, and SMS marketing.You’re not improving lead quality—you’re just finding bad leads faster.

In a great and popular location with rising rents and upside on price with renovations but also that will cost in the short term to improve the property. 

. - WRT income, at a minimum it has to cover all of your costs plus some for unforeseeable expenses.