I own a small multifamily commercial in Albuquerque and can confirm the diversity of the economic and cultural factors that you mentioned. 

Closing costs are a necessary factor in any loan process and to be expected.

There was positive population growth, medium home price growth, low unemployment, good rent to home ratios, and low crime, all of which are factors when I start looking into an area to invest in.  

Several economic factors are contributing to this shift:Overbuilding: Some areas of Charlotte have seen significant overdevelopment, leading to an oversupply of rental units.Tighter Money: Rising interest rates and economic uncertainty have made tenants more cautious with their spending.Tenant Behavior: Many responsible renters are choosing to stay put rather than take on the cost and hassle of moving.What Does This Mean for Landlords?

Never invest in any city on this list of the 50 most dangerous US cities.Low operating costs: High operating costs are one of the driving factors for many companies, leaving states with high taxes, regulations, and other costs.

Then, I typically see them take about a half to a third of that number for the adjustment factor.

You'll still make a premium over long term rental rates and not have to deal with a cleaner very often.With airbnbs, the beauty is not having to hire a Property Manager, your cleaners act as eyes on the property. 

Several key factors contribute to Buffalo’s sustained real estate prominence:1.

Most (not all) HELOCs require that the property is titled to an individual (not LLC) and are full doc, meaning your employment history, income, DTI etc will be factors.

It also matters where the home is located, and what the weather, type of tenants it attracts/has been attracting, etc. other factors are.