I moved from a deposit to a move-in fee about 18 months ago at the urging of my attorney. His point was that over 80% of all landlord-tenant lawsuits (initiated by the tenant) revolve around the security deposit. Eliminate that and you eliminate that risk.
I charge a move-in / cleaning fee of about 1/2 of the rent. $1200 rent is a $600 move in fee. $925 rent is a $450 move-in fee. My lease states in bold letters that the fee is non-refundable and any damages beyond normal wear and tear along with any excess cleaning will be billed to them. I inform them that as long as they leave the place in broom clean condition with no damages they will not be billed. I had a tenant go to the dollar store and buy some cheap cleaning supplies, attempted to clean and then wanted their full deposit back. This way, my cleaning crew cleans to my standards with no grief from a tenant.
As for holding a deposit over their head to return the unit clean, I have found that people do not change their behavior significantly regardless of the incentive. A pig will leave the place a pig stye if they are getting a deposit back or not and a clean person will leave it clean under the same circumstances. It is in their nature. Just think about you and what you would do. I'm not a phycologist but i am just saying.....
Use it to your benefit. I use this as a marketing tool. Assume you have a place to rent for $1,000/mo. My advertising would say something like, "NO DEPOSIT special, just a $500 move-in fee plus the first months rent" They only need $1,500 to move into my place. The competitor will say something like, "... $1,000 First months rent plus deposit to move in..." They need $2,000 to move into their place. Who's place do you think they will chose or which one of us will have the pick of the applicant litter? Just sayin'.
On those rare occasions where they ask about getting money back, I offer them the option of paying the move in fee OR paying a regular deposit equal to one months rent. When they move out, they will get the deposit back as long as the unit is in the same condition they received it. That means professionally clean the carpets, bathroom and kitchen are cleaned and sanitized, and so on. After that conversation, they always chose the move in fee.
Finally, on those occasions when the deposit was not returned in full, did the damages, fees, unpaid rent and so on cause you to file bankrupcy? Probably not. In reality, we are only talking about a few hundered dollars difference between a deposit and a move-in fee. Not the end of the world and if you use it as a marketing tool you get that back in better tenants and faster lease up time. What are you waiting for????