I should add that I'm filing an extension for 2015, and will be looking for a CPA after 4/18 to help sort this out in gory detail. I'm posting these questions for the benefit of others that find themselves in my position, for my own understanding, and to help pay an appropriate amount in estimated taxes.
@Meagan Barkley
Thanks for your response. While your example makes sense, and is consistent with my understanding, it doesn't answer my primary questions.
Adding to your example:
Let's say in 2000 we purchased for $100k, with 20% down, $80k mortgage.
Around 2004 she wants out.
She and I decide if we sold she'd probably clear ~$20k after expenses if we sold, so we agree I'll pay her $20k for her share of the property. We're clueless about concept of cost basis or tax implications, so $20k isn't paid out in escrow. In fact part of the $20k is in the form of me paying off her student loan.
Let's say FMV is probably ~$160k in 2004. I do a cash-out refinance in my name only, she signs quitclaim in process. Funds from cash-out refinance are wired to our joint bank account as I recall.
I'm not sure which details are relevant. Do I add the $20k I paid her? If so, does the fact she wasn't paid in escrow a problem? What documentation do I need to support the payment? To complicate matters, she possibly didn't report the funds received or the sale of her (share of) her primary residence on her tax returns. Since we were sloppy, did she inadvertently "gift" me her share of the property, and I inadvertently "gifted" her whatever I "paid" her?
On the other hand, does it not matter what, or how, I paid her, and what matters is only what the documents state or imply? For example we paid county transfer tax. I guess there was an assumption that the cash out portion went to her?
I'm aware that improvements and some closing costs are added to basis. I have no questions on those for now.
Yes, I'm aware that depreciable basis at time of conversion is lesser of two values. I'm actually concerned with nailing down the adjusted cost basis once and for all since I sold the property in a 1031 exchange last year.
Thanks again for any input.