I'm also suspicious of people's cash flow numbers as many don't seem to incorporate cap ex expenses, monthly maintenance costs and opportunity costs or increased mortgage payments if using home equity loans/lines of credit.

In an effort to tame the spike in corporate bids, homeowner associations are "rewriting rules" so that houses stay in the hands of those who will live in them.Homeowner Groups Seek to Stop Investors From Buying Houses to Rent

My question is how you folks incorporate property value increases into project metrics.

I believe the site you got the "After Tax Equity x 4" term is Asset Preservation Incorporated (https://apiexchange.com/capital-gain-tax-calculator/). 

It is also important to note, however, that UBTI applies to a solo 401k (i) if margin trading is incorporated in the case of a brokerage account and (ii) if a solo 401k purchases an equity investment in an LLC that offers goods or services, or an LLC that flips real estate. 

Almost every one of them have faced some kind of lawsuit that, if they had not been incorporated, would have resulted in some kind of personal detriment that would have exceeded their errors and omissions insurance, or their umbrella policies as a whole.The reason you don't have data on lawsuits is because attorneys are not supposed to talk about our individual clients in any kind of detail.

I'm going to incorporate it within our processes.Thanks.

Most incorporated cities have their own rules. 

I would so appreciate insights from others who have experience with a rent-to-own model at scale or who have started a non-profit with incorporating real estate. 

I guess they are asking for the articles of incorporation for the two LLCs I wrote the offers from (they do not exist yet).