.- Set Conservative Estimates: For CapEx, maintenance, and make-ready costs, consider building in a buffer to account for unexpected expenses.

I really like the idea of building in that 10-15% buffer for the unexpected.

Knowledge is power:Thorough Inspections: Minimize surprises with detailed inspections and due diligence.Strong Screening: Careful tenant selection reduces vacancy and headaches.Diversification: Spread your investments across different locations and property types to mitigate risk.Financial Planning: Maintain a buffer and choose financing options that fit your long-term goals.

Have some buffer in your estimate (you will always go above your budget 90% of the time).Your builder is the real MVP here.

Put all your estimations of it, discount the cost of capital, time and add a 33% buffer to it and show it.

I will try the buffering.

Given Covid related material and supply shortages, should I plan additional buffer time around my contractor's estimates. 

Cleveland investors often aim for COC returns of 8–12%, so you’re in the right range.Net Cash Flow: $277/month is positive and provides a buffer for unexpected expenses.

That would mean there is an approved site plan that includes roads, water, sewer, storm water, curb, gutter and any required buffers.

I agreed to leave a buffer around the entire development but we needed the allowed density..