Case by case, one by one, I sold my least favorite smalls by owner as they became vacant while the market was good.  

You listed two but in broader terms financing (assumable, owner financed, sub to, fha, new 95% OO LTV that in most ways is superior to FHA, dscr, F/f conventional, NACA, VA, etc), value adds (development including ADU, upzoning, traditional rehab, sophisticated value adds that leverage localized rules, coop/tic, etc),  property types (residential, commercial residential, land, storage, MHP, industrial, office, camping, hotel/motel, etc), passive/active investment methods (GP, LP, REIT, nnn, self managed, pm, flipping, mineral right, lumber rights, etc), residential rent models (LTR, STR, MTR, rent by room, student housing, arbitrage, etc).  

Are there any practical methods for implementing usage-based billing without submetering?

Hey Chad, there are different methods of appraisal.

Having been in many aspects of real estate throughout my career my favorites are ground up construction and note investing. right now note investing takes the cake as it can be done in any environment whereas ground up right now is very challenging. 

I finished your book the other day, "Real Estate by the Numbers," which has allowed me to add a few more powerful metrics to my underwriting methods.

Hello Jack, in Texas I find a lot of investors using the Subject 2 method, especially with FHA properties where they are at or under water on their mortgage, but most of the mortgage rates are under 4%.

I did forget to mention that I also help do the accounting and consulting for clients using Buildium as well.My favorite is actually Yardi Voyager but that's a different game lol 

I was in land and Timber in ORegon all through the 90s one of my favorite business's just got back from Target practicing up in the Tillamook forest today :)  Timber though is HIGHLY regional..

I love Humboldt Park @Melissa Wongkamalasai - for sure, one of my favorite Chicago neighborhoods.